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The rescue ball

Carlobrand

SOC-14 1K
Marquis
A handy thing to have in your stateroom when the ship gets a hole in it. the Imperial Encyclopedia rescue ball is a cylinder 5 cm in diameter and 10 cm long that expands out into a 1 meter sphere for you to shelter in.

Except - it's listed as one liter in volume. A 5 cm cylinder is not one liter in volume. My math says at 10 cm length it needs to be around 11 cm in diameter. 10 cm diameter puts it within spitting distance; I wonder of that was intended to be 5 cm in radius.

It's a TL 7 device. Our available O2 tanks give 2 hours for 5 liters at TL 5 and 4 hours for 4 liters at TL 12. I don't know if the rescue ball delivers a pure oxygen atmosphere or a standard air mix. The former would limit it to 0.3 atmospheres - if I'm trying to get in and seal it before the external pressure drops to 0.5 atmospheres (which is where I'd be passing out), I've got the O2 mixing with whatever air I brought with me, but delivery gets tricky 'cause much over a 30% partial pressure starts meaning eventual oxygen toxicity injury to tissue. I don't know if a TL 7 1-liter volume O2 delivery system's sophisticated enough to monitor O2 levels to prevent that.

The latter, a standard air mix, means I can get in and save myself from a smoke inhalation death (or death by halon suffocation) in a 1 atmosphere ship undergoing a fire emergency without the rescue ball itself trying to kill me. Problem is, as an air mix, that less-than-1-liter capsule has to deliver 520 liters to inflate the sphere: 7600+ psi? It'd be good to deliver that performance to the vacc suit O2 tanks.

It has a first aid kit. I figure that's about the size of a deck of cards and holds a bit of gauze and tape, maybe a few pills - a sedative would be good about that time. Not much room for more.

Per the description, it expands out and it can give you air for 2 hours - but air is not your problem. A 1 meter sphere, with no air source, has enough air in there to keep you going for maybe 3 hours, Not comfortably: after an hour and a half, O2 levels are around 16% and it's getting uncomfortable. However, you could make it to 3 hours before the O2 level dropped enough to knock you out, and you might even survive another half-hour to an hour before the levels dropped low enough to kill.

Here's the problem: CO2. You inhale air, you exhale air with less oxygen and more CO2 - a lot more CO2. The CO2 level hits 2% in a bit over half an hour - you start having headaches and sweating. At an hour and a half you are decidedly uncomfortable. At two hours you are unconscious.

This is technically keeping you alive for two hours, but it makes for a much more dramatic couple of hours for the hapless player. Stick a little CO2 absorber in there, something the size of a playing card box, you could extend survival for an hour.

IMTU, I put an umbilical connection on it, to be able to hook up a ship's air feed, allow a person to stay in there longer in a ship, and there's a dose of fast drug in the first aid kit, so the person doesn't feel like he's spending as long in the thing and so he can endure longer.
 
Recalculating somewhat. Neglected the fact that CO2 influences your breathing rate: as the levels grow up, you feel compelled to breathe faster.

From the one of the manufacturers of the oxygen candle and the CO2 absorber comes a very nice technical library with an assortment of interesting articles about things and resources breathing-related:

http://www.molecularproducts.com/us/technical-library.htm

including an article on breathing in confined settings:

http://www.molecularproducts.com/pd...n Confined Environments Technical Article.pdf

So what are we looking at? As the CO2 level increases, your breathing rate increases. You start noticing an increase around 1%, you'r rate is about double at 3%, you're panting at 5%. Translation: you're putting more work into breathing, using a bit more energy, producing CO2 a bit faster than someone who is, one hopes, relaxed under the influence of a fast-acting tranquilizer in that first aid kit (I'm sure as shooting putting one in mine) and not affected by CO2. Our 1-meter sphere gave us a little over half a cubic meter of air space: 523.3 liters. We expected to reach 2% in a bit over half an hour; using their estimates and proportioning of proportioning off their 1 cubic meter calculation, we do that in about 25 minutes. We're delirious and lapsing into unconscious after an hour and 40 minutes - still might live to see two hours, but not long after that.

Minor detail, why mention it? Well, two reasons. First, the right details can add color - not that I expect anyone to whip out a calculator and argue over 10 or 20 minutes while their passengers are gasping their last in the rescue balls in the vacuum-filled (?) passenger lounge

Second, it gives me a chance to introduce this. This is neat.

http://www.spiralith.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ICES-Paper-2007-01-3278.pdf

Brits are looking at CO2 removal systems for their subs, something to replace what they're using now and to perform a bit better. Among several options are CO2 absorbing chemicals contained in flat bags of a gas-permeable membrane, arranged to hang like curtains. No moving parts, no electronics, you pull them out and hang them, and then bring out more as needed. The most successful of them was something called a Micropore Extendaire (image on page 4 of the PDF).

Which got me to thinking. We don't need days of CO2 absorption. We need to filter one person's output for two hours, maybe 75 liters of CO2. If, say, the interior of the rescue ball was lined with a thin film of a CO2 absorbing chemical behind a gas-permeable membrane - maybe 500 grams would be enough, shouldn't even be noticeable against the 3+ square meters of interior surface - it would absorb exhaled CO2 without need of further modification, for a couple of hours anyway. The occupant wouldn't suffer from the CO2. He'd either get rescued before the air ran out or get drowsy and fall asleep after about three hours and quietly expire some time after that. Much less suffering, much less chance of a desperate occupant unzipping in the midst of CO2-induced confusion, and he survives a bit longer (if he gets a tranquilizer - if he's breathing at the rate suggested by the Molecular Products data, he's unconscious in an hour and a half and dead after about 2 hours).
 
Lifeboat by James White seems to be the inspiration for the rescue ball. It's been ages since I read the book, but I recomend it. I'm not quite sure how long they worked for but if you've got the time read the book, you'll really enjoy it.
 
Lifeboat by James White seems to be the inspiration for the rescue ball. It's been ages since I read the book, but I recomend it. I'm not quite sure how long they worked for but if you've got the time read the book, you'll really enjoy it.

The Traveller version mirrors the real life 1984 NASA one.
 
The NASA version requires the use of a POS or Personal Oxygen System which is approximately the size of a cereal packet (about 2 liters by the look of it) and has a facemask and hood attached. The NASA rescue ball could also be connected to the mother craft's oxygen supply to conserve the POS supply until it was time to leave the mother craft.

IMTU I assume that whatever Imperial regulations there are (SPANNER?) specify the TL7 Rescue Ball as a minimum standard. Fo a higher TL space craft the rescue equipment would be of a similar TL and benefit from whatever increases in capacity that would apply.
 
IMTU, I put an umbilical connection on it, to be able to hook up a ship's air feed, allow a person to stay in there longer in a ship, and there's a dose of fast drug in the first aid kit, so the person doesn't feel like he's spending as long in the thing and so he can endure longer.
Fast drug leads to a 60:1 slowdown in metabolism including the need for food and air. Two hours' oxygen would last 120 hours. That's quite a lot of extra duration!
 
It would make sense that, given the O2/CO2 breakdown, in addition to a sedative (at least), there would be a CO2 absorber. In my uninformed guess, I would say a mouthpiece and nose clip would be the most sensible idea for color at TL7. The coating, I really like, but it's like painting your chrome matte black. As far as the 1 liter volume, packaging is the clearest explanation.

What about heat loss? I think that being inside a disabled ship would seem to be a much different situation than being outside, and clearly a ship could be depressurized and not dead, or just plain ded-ded-ded. The anticipated thickness would seem to have not insulative properties, beyond possibly a reflective coating to reduce heat loss through radiation, which I am guessing would be the highest source of loss (Nothing through evaporation, respiration, nor even conduction if free-floating; I think I'm missing a couple..).

Somebody smart can weigh in on the thermodynamic ramblings of a broken-down social scientist... ;)

"You think we'll all die gasping, but you're wrong. We'll freeze first." :eek:o:
 
Fast drug leads to a 60:1 slowdown in metabolism including the need for food and air. Two hours' oxygen would last 120 hours. That's quite a lot of extra duration!
Also, is Fast available at TL7 in MT? I don't have a reference.

I am not in love with the TL7 figure, but that's another discussion....
 
Also, is Fast available at TL7 in MT? I don't have a reference.

I am not in love with the TL7 figure, but that's another discussion....

MT Imperial Encyclopedia says TL 9 for fast drug. Depending upon safety issues I would push that to TL 12 or higher IMTU.
 
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What about heat loss? I think that being inside a disabled ship would seem to be a much different situation than being outside, and clearly a ship could be depressurized and not dead, or just plain ded-ded-ded. The anticipated thickness would seem to have not insulative properties, beyond possibly a reflective coating to reduce heat loss through radiation, which I am guessing would be the highest source of loss (Nothing through evaporation, respiration, nor even conduction if free-floating; I think I'm missing a couple..).

Contrary to popular (Hollywood) belief heat loss is not going to be that major of a factor. You won't freeze instantly like Tim Robbins in Mission to Mars if exposed to space, instead you will slowly cool down long after you loose consciousness and then die from lack of oxygen if in the shadows (in direct sunlight you would be likely to cook instead of cooling down). In fact, you are much more likely to see an overheating problem if you are any where near an earth orbit from a comparable star and not within a protective shadow.

A vacuum is a very good insulator so you will only need to worry about radiation unless the rescue ball makes physical contact with something very hot or very cold. As an example, Apollo 13 was running on very low power (the LM would have had something less than ~600 Amp/hours of battery power at 30 volts when the CM was shutdown) and was able to maintain a temperature of at least 40 degrees for three days (and much of the time was higher than that) in addition to everything else that required power (such as radios or computers). Over three days that would give you somewhat less than 300 watts of continuous heat. Since the Apollo spacecraft didn't come into physical contact with anything and was primarily made out of metal it was losing a lot of heat for those three days. Even when in sunlight, the skin of both craft were reflective to help keep things cooler (NASA figured they had enough fuel to heat the ship for the mission but would not have had a way to cool it if it got too hot).

It would be reasonable to assume the rescue ball would use reflective coatings (at least reflective to IR light) to maintain temperature. If you are only talking about 2-8 hours, that ought to do for most circumstances. It might start to get uncomfortable but should still be survivable at least temperature-wise.
 
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