As the title says, I thought of this from the starship names thread, I'll start with a few:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Sherman_incident - Armed merchant trying to open trade battling it out with locals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea_(1871) - Gunboat diplomacy/mercantilism at it's finest.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ganghwa - For the marine/naval infantry lovers, bonus: map included.
Let's see what everyone else can find for adventures/historical incidents.
Keep the discussion civil, please!
Following up on your Korean post, see the following:
Marine Amphibious Landing in Korea, 1871 It is under the histories written in 1966. That gives the US side, based on letters from the Marine Captain involved. And is the source of the map.
Then there is the Marines in the
Diplomatic Mission to Abyssinia in 1903, written in 1958. Then there is
One Hundred Eighty Landings of the United States Marines, 1800-1934, written in 1934. All can be downloaded at the following website.
https://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/Pages/Staff/Publications.aspx
If those do not give you some adventure ideas, I am not sure what will.
Then, it depends on how much reading or research people are willing to do. You have all of what are called Queen Victoria's Little Wars to take a look at for possible use. The British Expedition to Abyssinia in 1866 would be an interesting one, even if you used high-level technology, as you have to rescue the diplomats and other hostages from the mountain fortress of a leader of highly questionable sanity.
For the World War 2 fans, you have all of the diplomatic maneuvering and secret meetings prior to the North African invasion to play with, including the mission to get Gen. Giraud out of France. For that matter, the entire US Army history of World War 2 is available for download from the Center for Military History website. For the British, the first two volumes of the Mediterranean and the Middle East are available online at the hyperwar website. The revolt in Iraq in the spring of 1941 as some interesting possibilities.
William Slim's
An Unofficial History has some interesting possibilities, especially based on his service in India between the wars.
The US Army Combat Studies Institute has a lot of publications online to look over, some in PDF format and some as HTML. All are public domain material, although some of the photos might not be.
John Hemmings
The Search for El Dorado, aside from giving some adventure ideas, it terrific for covering what is it like to operate in jungle terrain. Percy Fawcett's
Explorations Fawcett has a lot of possibilities from operating in jungle, hostile natives, dishonest government officials, living in essentially a lawless area, and of course, pursuing a fabled lost city. You could also have your characters be given the job of capturing one of the 60+ foot anacondas that he reports. Given that he was a surveyor, and used to working with distances, I tend to give his reports some credence.
You also have T. E. Lawrence's
Seven Pillars of Wisdom to work from for desert adventures.