Well, Pistols (save for HEAP) fall pretty much in to the same camp as lasers, in that they can't seem to shoot their way out of a paper bag, save that they're affected by even more armor types.
Actually, DS out performs HEAP for most purposes, even penetration for reasonable pistol ranges, but yeah you are right. Except that at least when armor saves you from a pistol, you take blunt trauma damage. That might not seem like much (and it isn't), but when your pistol only does 1-2 dice, then you are actually doing a good amount compared to the average (1 v 3.5 for 1 die, or 2 v 7 for 2 dice).
Lasers, however gain the advantage of being far more powerful, when they do penetrate, and having much better ranges. SHORT range for a laser PISTOL is 90 (NINETY) meters. (Mind the laser pistol is a bit of an ungainly beast.)
Range is nice, and far from worthless. However, if you can't ever do any damage, it really doesn't matter what your range is.
I can easily see the cartridge based lasers being a preferred rifle for game hunting, for example. Silent if you miss, no recoil, ballistically perfect, and very powerful, especially for large game.
This is a good point, and a clear use for lasers, but it doesn't do much to explain the significant military uses TNE assumes laser small arms have.
They're also well suited to zero-g, and vacuum as well (most vacc suits are not armor against lasers, for example).
The vacc suit thing is something I hadn't considered, and upon checking you're right, for some reason they aren't armored against lasers (a Reflect coating would be so hard?) and so I concede that for ship boarding actions and the like, they'd be pretty useful. As for zero-g in general, the only rules for that I could find related to altering slug weapon ranges. You'd think it'd affect recoil, but I wasn't able to find anything on that.
The Gauss Rifle is the pinnacle of the slug thrower, and is an extremely versatile rifle Given a choice for a random task, I'd take one of those over most anything else any day.
The lasers are a bit more specialized but certainly have their uses.
My primary problem is that in TNE lasers are simply worthless in most planetary situations, outside of killing critters, primitives unable even to make breastplates, or civilians. In other additions of Traveller, lasers were powerful but there were certain types of armor that were especially useful against them (like Reflect). In TNE, lasers are great against weak opposition, and worthless against anyone TL 2 or higher.