Kirk was (loosely) based on Hornblower.
He was--but very, very loosely. Hornblower was skinny, socially inept, personally insecure, racked by guilt and lack of confidence, and bitterly cynical. Kirk was robust, suave, and confident to the point of smugness. Hornblower was an extreme introvert, Kirk a marked extrovert; Hornblower a bookish nerd, Kirk a fist-swinging jock. When some-one needed thumping, Kirk thumped him, but Hornblower said "Brown! Thump that man!" If Kirk ever got into a duel he would have won it whatever the weapons: Hornblower chose "pistols at one yard, only one pistol to be loaded", figuring that he converted certain defeat into an even chance. Hornblower was soft-hearted, but he had a first-class mind and nerves of steel, and when the going got tough his veins ran with iced water.
I figure that Kirk (or maybe Pike) was pitched as being like Hornblower either by or to someone who hadn't actually read their Forrester, and that the basis was soon forgotten as Kirk took on a life of his own.
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