What is a lie? It sounds like everyone is leaning towards a definition that it is willful and knowing deception by a sophont of another sophont. Willful, in that you had a choice but chose to be deceptive. Knowing, because it implies you realize you are being deceptive (it is not an inadvertent or unknowing untruth). Deceptive, because you are not telling the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
So, if this is the case, maybe *lower* animals do not lie. As you get into chimps, gorillas, etc, I'm not so sure. And my dogs and cats have intelligence. They may not have thumbs nor use tools, but they are inteligent. In fact, god help us if the cats or dogs ever do get to use tools... <*grin>
I see lying broken down in several ways in Zho society:
Proles - Proles not in military or diplomatic or trade services on the borders of the empire: They would just find it uncomfortable to lie. They would feel bad about it and they know the Tavchredl would eventually find out and have a chat with them. Those on the borders or who engage in contact with outsiders would have to understand lying and would have to be able to spot it. Some of them would be required to dissemble in order to work and achieve the required objectives. They might even feel unclean or that they need to atone later or be 're-adjusted' before re-integrating into mainstream Zho society.
Intendants - Less managed, more likely to lie. Most lying they'd do would be 'for the good of the people' or 'for the good of the state'. They may similarly be split between near the border/away from the border types. But any intendant will be more likely to lie (though not still necessarily likely to lie) than a prole.
Noble - These guys may believe in their society so choose not to lie very often, but they certainly have the capacity. They have to deal with things that the other strata can be unaware of or would find disturbing. So they need all the tools. Again, they may well lie 'for the good of the people' or 'for the good of the state'.
Tavchredl and SORAG - These guys are professional liars. Some probably reach the point where reality is malleable to them, so what is a lie? It is just another interpretation - the good fact vs. the true fact.
I suspect the most likely danger is that those Zhos who are in contact with the outside world may start lying for less than noble reasons because they see how successful it can be (lured by the dark side) or because they start to feel that there really isn't any particular truth - it is just a matter of presentation. I can see this being a real danger for SORAG agents and the like - when you lie for a living, it becomes prevasive and it corrupts you.
Jatay3, let me suggest we not argue about evolution here. Most humbly, I submit it is NOT a theory in some respects. It still classifies as a theory for explaining the creation of life and how the worlds and cosmos came to be. I submit that it does not classify as a theory for explaining smaller things like how bird A evolved into bird A-prime. The fossil and other evidence on the smaller scale proves beyond any reasonable doubt that evolution (the changing of life by mutation and combination over generations) is a PROCESS. That doesn't mean it can explain life on Earth, in that I will agree. But if you throw the whole thing out or change your textbooks to teach it as 'just a theory', you do a dis-service to literally MOUNTAINS of scientific paleontological evidence and observation. No disrespect offered, I hope you understand.