In Traveller androids are defined as biologically based artificial beings.
Anthropomorphic robots are not androids since they are mechanical rather than biological.
On the last page I quoted the original article on the subject by MWM, and T5 further reinforces that synthetics - biologically based constructs - may be anthropomorphic and thus are anthropoids (the gender neutral term rather than android - male, gynoid - female).
This speaks to something I have been wrestling with for a while now -- in Traveller, what is the difference, if any, between synthetics and pseudo-biological robots? The term "android" has been applied to both types of constructs.
There seems to be a pretty major schism within canon. On one hand, there is Marc Miller's essay in
JTAS 2 as well as his work in T5. In these places, "pseudo-biological" is not used: androids are artificially created, organic beings that cannot reproduce. This is consistent with Roger E Moore's article on "Androids in Traveller" from
White Dwarf 30.
In T5, androids are a specific type of sophontoid fashioned in the form of a human; sophontoids in turn are simply synthetics fashioned in the form of a sophont. Synthetics are a generic term for
T5 said:
an organic- or biologically-based artificial being manufactured according to a master template or blueprint. Synthetics blend biological and nonbiological processes (the specific proportion may vary). For example, a synthetic may use biological processes to produce energy but have a mechanical pump to circulate blood. Synthetics are distinguishable from clones (duplicates created from existing genetic templates), chimeras (the result of genetic engineering), and robots (truly mechanical or non-organic beings).
In T5, synthetics become viable at TL 13.
For whatever reason, the JTAS 2 article was ignored when CT Book 8 Robots was developed. This book introduces the term "pseudo-biological robot":
CT Book 8 said:
Pseudo-biological robots are rare in the Third Imperium. Tech level 15 is the first tech level at which a convincing pseudo-biological robot can be constructed. The majority of the worlds in the Imperium are below tech 15 in local manufacturing capability. Besides this, pseudo-biological robots are not particularly cost effective in design (the experimental robot described later would cost 12 million credits to construct). Pseudo-bio robots also tend to be more fragile and less reliable than traditional robots.
Another reason that pseudo-biological robots have been slow to catch on is the bias some sophonts have against them. Many people, even from high-tech worlds, are unsure of how to react to a human that turns out to be a machine. Some human-populated worlds harbor a general anti-robotic bias, even though robots are technologically feasible there. On such worlds, items advertised as "Human-Made" often bring a premium price. A famous example of this philosophy is the popular quasi-religious Society for the Sovereignty of Man over Machine (SSMM) in the Solomani Confederation.
For these reasons, few researchers spend their time trying to re-invent man in machine form. Much more energy is spent on related pursuits that obviously help humaniti, such as prosthetics.
And from there, this terminology was adapted into MegaTraveller as well as T20, Traveller Hero, and at least Mongoose Traveller. (I have not checked TNE, GURPS, or T4.) In this line of canon, android = pseudo-biological robot. The MGT
Robots Book (13 Mann), for example, has this: "So far, none of the manufacturing companies in the Third Imperium [of 1105] has started mass production of pseudo-biological robots or androids, but the technology has come to a point at which this would be possible" (6).