As I understand it, modern avionics systems are redundant, with 3 separate systems and they "vote" on decisions. The Space Shuttle also had a voting architecture. Voting is when all 3 systems report a value, and the supervisor compares them and takes the majority view as the correct "answer". Who supervises the supervisor? No idea!
Back in the day, they were thinking of doing 3 clean room implementations on 3 separate CPUs, using 3 different computer languages, to minimize some commonality sneaking in among the systems. As I understand it, they tabled that, but do I think they did 3 clean room implementations to a shared spec, but used the same processor and language.
WRT the TU, the starships simply don't suffer this problem as weight is not a substantial problem with spacecraft, so shielding the computers appropriately will be less of a problem.
That said, this is an actual problem today. Story is that eBay would record some values more than once (like bid prices) in their database to ensure the rogue bit flips did not happen. I, myself, am confident that I have seen the aftermath of something like this once during my time developing software. Today, we have things like ECC memory to help automatically correct those issues, but, for example, my machine has 72G of RAM, but it's not ECC. The odds of my system encountering a rogue bit flip are fairly high (the impact of such, perhaps, not so much, but the possibility of the event, for sure).