Actually, there is alot more speciality to it. Super carrier hulls are fabricated from armor plate requiring special welding techniques. Their complexity is far greater just in terms of hull design and interior construction than a tanker is. So, a yard that can build a really large freighter or tanker cannot build a carrier.
As for components, not just the flight deck equipment is unique. The weapons systems are, the combat systems in general are, sensors are, the engineering plant besides the reactors is far, far more complex.
Having served on them, as well as having worked in numerous shops in Navy yards along with the ship's superintendent's office I have some degree of expert knowledge on these things.
For example to weld the armor together the plates require pre-heating using large heating pads so that they are at the right temperature to prevent embrittlement of the steel when welded. Not done right the weld forms a weak point between the two plates and cracking of the seam can occur.
While I can't give details on how the hull is set up and compartmentalized I will say that there are literally an expotential more of compartments in a carrier than a mega freighter or tanker.
This is why China chose to refit an ex-Russian carrier rather than build one from scratch, the same with India.