But if the Imperium had such a tremendous force advantage, why agree to a duel-war that would give the Aslan an even chance?
And what would the Imperium had had to agreed to if the Aslan had won?
First, when I think about the Imperium having an advantage over the Aslan it's in their superior tech and maybe superior organization, and not necessarily in their superior force. Related, but in the end different concepts. The Aslan doubtless had superior numbers and shorter supply lines compared to the Imperials operating in Reavers Deep; the Navy would have been at the far end of a very long and very thin tether. This would somewhat reduce any force disparity.
Second, when I'm talking about large tech and/or force disparities I'm talking about Imperial/Aslan skirmishes during the Border Wars, prior to the Aslan/Solomani Hot War that started in 374. The Duel War is the culmination of this Hot War and pitted four major clans and sixteen lesser clans against the OEU and the Magyar states. The Third Imperium only got dragged into this mess after its attempt at a diplomatic intervention failed. The four major clans involved in the Hot War probably possessed tech much closer to the Imperials and would have been reasonably unified due to the Ikhaeal Incident, further reducing the advantage. So I wouldn't characterize the Imperial position in the Hot War as being a "tremendous force advantage." More like a significant but not overwhelming edge.
That said, the Duel War works conceptually because it offers something significant to both sides. For the Aslan, a better chance to prevail over a technologically superior opponent.
For the Imperium, it offers a chance to quickly end a conflict of only marginal interest and to establish a border and buffer zone around a lower tech but large and aggressive alien power. To avoid a weary millennia of rinky-dink hit-and-run asymmetrical warfare against a tenacious foe.
The spinward edge of Daibei, Reaver's Deep, and the Solomani colonies in Dark Nebula were never part of the Rule of Man. Almost two millennia of Long Night, Reavers, and Ihatei raids would have left these worlds poor and beleaguered. These distant Solomani systems would have offered little to a hungry, expanding Imperium beyond new headaches. So with limited cultural connections and minimal economic or strategic benefits, these are not high-value systems to expend precious resources on.
The real upside to assisting these worlds is the propaganda value: it demonstrates to the Rim States and the Magyar and Alpha Crucis pocket empires that membership in the Imperium has value. And it is a show of strength to the Aslan.
So a Duel War is a great calculation for the Imperium -- relatively contained risk, limited downside in the event of a loss (Honor? Whatever), and potentially high upside in the event of a win: respect from the Aslan and the unincorporated rimward Solomani polities.
If the Imperium lost the Duel War, I am sure they would have willingly ceded all claims to Dark Nebula, Reaver's Deep, and the spinward edge of Daibei: worlds never incorporated into the Rule of Man, and worlds that the Imperium really had no legitimate claim on anyway. It's a concession without conceding anything. And the "lost" worlds were probably of marginal value to boot.
And being humans, they would probably consider any treaty subject to "renegotiation" later on . . . after the powerful Solomani pocket empires rimward had been incorporated into Imperium.
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