IO am just getting p to speed on this conversation, but it seems many have missed a key point.
Let's take one of the positions stated here:
Sub-sector Dukes ARE the Imperial government and speak and act with the absolute voice of the Imerium.
Further posit, the duke acts in the most honorable way, and absolutely administers Imperial law without deviation.
That is the most extreme argument to state that Piracy, interstellar warfare and all of the other bad things that people suggest requires "corruption" in the government to be tolerated.
I am not advocating or arguing against this belief, just using it as a point of reference to examine the actual administration of the local sub-sector.
Now some common issues -
Piracy: Limited acts of piracy take at least one week to be reported to the Duke's office. Let's say it takes 48 hours for a ship to be ready to jump to the system in question.
by the time that ship arrives, two weeks plus from the incident the pirates can be in any system withing 3 jumps of of that world.
If the pirate ship was correctly IDed the notice to other systems will arrive at the same time as the first ship, and before the ship arrives in the next system. With correct ID, AND the ship arriving DOCKING at an Imperal starport, the pirates are captured, end of story. Any of those is NOT true, and it takes resources to track them and capture them. Well within the resources of the Sub-sector, IF THOSE RESOURCES are idle and there are not other pressing concerns.
I would like to see the argument that a sub-sector has enough assets to spend months following up every act of piracy, or maintain enough presence in every single system that piracy is not practical any where.
Long term piracy: If pirates are operating repeatedly within a few systems, the need to take action means that resources WILL eventually be devoted to resolve the situation.
If it is a criminal operation, they will have resources of their own, and will take effort to root out, but likely the local duke WILL expend that effort, but all of those resources are tied up for a significant length of time.
But suppose it is a corporate war, only only ships of two corporations are involved. If those ships are the bulk if trade in that region, and it is damaging trade in general, the resources will be devoted to solve it.
But what if it is more restrined? They only pirate ships carring key shipments of the other company? Only enough to damage that lines ability to carry cargo, or their reputation. It on;ly marginally affects commerce overall, and hostilities do not extend to none combatants. The imperative to resolve the situation is reduced tremendously. If it continues long enough or escalates something must be done, otherwise it could be a VERY low priority, and likely handled addimistrativly, with sactions for specific events that endanger non-combatants, or slows trade significantly.
Trade wars: Even more so that corporate piracy, trade wars would have little effect beyond pricing to anyone but the belligerent entities. If it is wot\rlds, trade between the two would be affected, but if trade with surrounding systems were not materially affected there would be virtually no imperative for the sub-sector to put much effort into controlling the situation, unless something beyond the pale occures.
Warfare: Again, the need to devote resources will depend on how much non-combatants are involved. Suppose it required a couple of Imperal crusers to achieve peace. At that point the Cruisers would be sent. But they are NOT going to be able to show the flag and move on. The cruisers would be able to leave, but enough ships to maintain that peace, plus imperial troops and a cadre of diplomats and mid level bureaucrats from most of the imperial agencies to unravle and settle the dispute to the point it will not flair up again as soon as the long arm of the law leaves.
In all of these cases COMMUNICATION takes a bare minimum of 2 weeks, as does ANY action by the Duke. Using resources at his capital he can respond in roughly that same two weeks, plus whatever time it takes to decide on the action, and get the bureaucracies involved to send orders and or personnel.
further out than 4 parsecs adds at least a week transit time.
Any personnel or assets that are NOT on the capital take even more weeks to coordinate and and arrive.
Now, for small violations, the local bureaucracy can handle the situation administratively, and the Duke does not need to take any action. But if it requires his attention, the time alone is a MAJOR factor. If he can issue orders, and the local imperial elements can execute them without additional orders, or resources the situation can be dealt with in short order.
But if he has to figure out the situation, and devote additional resources, time explodes exponentially, and those resources have to be diverted to the crisis, leaving other issues hanging in the breeze.
There are situations that generate an automatic response. Weapons of mass destruction, major disruptions to trade, ANY damage to Imperial property.
But in those cases, the retribution would be institutional, with the Duke following struck rules with out too much discretion. The responce would almost certainly be massively disproportionate to the offence if it is to have any deterrent effect.
Add that Dukes have different priorities, personal relationships, goals and personal styles, and it is clear that Imperial law will be enforced inconsistently, and smaller breaches will be addressed in a prefuctionary manner. They will not pursued with zeal, unless there is a reason for it directly affect the Duke or other Imperial agencies.
If the sector wide corp is involved, they are going to have the cover to allow them much greater latitude that the same violations by a single free trader.
Note that NONE of this even considers Canon statements. They are irrelevant, as with the communications delays, even the local Duke is " ... a remote and centralized government...".
Local bureaucracy will be virtually completely autonomous as long as the situation is within their ability to handle.
If you add an element that local bureaucracies tend to not want to acknowledge that they can't handle the situation, ( not necessarily true, but bureaucracies as we know them today tend towards that reaction, with exceptions,) and reaction time at higher levels is extended even more, and the situation is that much worse when the appropriate resources arrive.
Just my opinion, but I think that all of these issues have to be considered.