Assuming our descendants aren't CRISPRed to specific task castes, artificial intelligence could evaluate and decide what professions human applicants are best suited for.
Wait, wasn't that done in Superman / Man of Steel on Krypton? And, umm, 1984. And countless of works. It never ends well.
But - circling back to Traveller, there certainly could be worlds like that where people are much more restricted based on what Big Brother (AI, despotic overlords, take your pick) determines for you based on your genetics, potential intelligence, or choose your own arbitrary reason. For some reason I think there is even something somewhere like that in Traveller publications, but I tend to blur memories at times1.
There are 11,000 or so worlds in the Imperium with a wide range of cultural norms. And uncountable systems outside that where there could be AI, benevolent or despotic or even just indifferent.
1There are two signs of getting older, losing your memory, and, umm, I forget the other.