In the optional rule in Mongoose Traveller, atmosphere types 5, 6 and 8 give a +1 to population. All other atmospheres give a -1.
Here's one that I think would work reasonably well: Roll a set of physical world stats, a 'set' being somewhere around 30-40 worlds (in other words, a subsector's worth, provided the subsector isn't partly empty). Roll another set of social stats. Arrange the physical stats in a column ranging from most hospitable to least hospitable. If they're equally hospitable, the one rolled up first goes above the one rolled later. Arrange the social stats in a similar column according to population size. For each set of physical stats, roll a D6 and pair it with one of the six highest social stats. Cross them off. Repeat until all stats have been paired.
Hans